Oyster shell for chickens: is it really necessary?

What is oyster shell? Is it the same as grit? Can other shells be used? Do all chickens need it? And what's the best way to feed it?

We all love to make sure our flock has only the best food and drink. Whether to add oyster shell to a chicken's diet has long been a subject of discussion and debate in the poultry world.

Some swear it's critical for the health and productivity of their flocks, while others question whether it's necessary at all.

In this article, we'll unravel the mysteries surrounding oyster shell and, using properly researched studies, explore whether it's an essential component of a balanced diet for chickens – or an expense we can dispense with.

Oyster shell vs grit: what's the difference?

It can be confusing to read that chickens need both oyster shell and grit – particularly when oyster shell products are often labelled "oyster shell grit".

What is oyster shell, and why do chickens need it?

An oyster is a type of mollusc, found in saltwater environments and widely farmed for human consumption. There are more than one hundred different species.

No matter what the species, the shell of an oyster has two halves which are hinged together. 

Critically important: about 95% of each oyster shell is made of calcium carbonate, together with a small proportion of protein⁽¹⁾.

Oyster shell: calcium benefits for chickens.

Around 94% of a chicken shell is also made of calcium carbonate.⁽²⁾

If a hen doesn't get enough calcium carbonate in her everyday diet to meet the huge need for calcium to lay eggs regularly, two things happen:

• her egg shells will become increasingly thinner, to the point where she will lay eggs with soft or no shells – which can lead to the potentially fatal condition of becoming "egg-bound"

• her health will deteriorate rapidly, as the body tries to make up for the deficiency by taking calcium from her bones, leading to a form of poultry osteoporosis – "brittle bone disease"^(3). 

So adding a calcium supplement to a hen's diet is critically important to her health, and to the strength of her eggs.

Do all chickens need additional calcium from oyster shell?

No.

• Hens at and after the "point of lay" (i.e. from about 18 weeks old) need additional calcium because of the extra demands laying eggs places on their system.

• Male chickens do not need extra – because they don't lay eggs. The calcium supplement already added to a good quality chicken feed is enough.

• Chicks and young chickens do not need extra, for the same reason.

• See this article for more detail about what chickens should eat at different life stages.

Are oyster shell substitutes possible?

There have been a number of different studies carried out testing an oyster shell supplement against other sea shells (clam, mussels and cockles particularly)^{(3, 4)}; against a hen's own eggs⁽⁵⁾; and against a different source of calcium carbonate in limestone^{(5, 6)}.

These were the results.

1. Clam, cockle, mussel and coquina shells as a calcium source.

• Hens ate too few sea shells, resulting in a calcium deficiency.
• The quality of the hens' egg shells was less, so they broke more easily.
• There were no benefits to feather growth or egg production.
• Sea shells performed the least well of all the calcium sources.
• Significance for your own hens: do not use sea shells as a source of calcium. They simply do not provide enough.

2. Hens' eggs as a calcium source.

• These performed much better than sea shells, but not as well as either oyster shell or limestone. The performance in terms of cost was obviously better, since the shells were taken from the hens' own eggs.

• The cholesterol content of the eggs from hens supplemented with their own eggs was slightly higher than for other groups.

• Yolk colour was more intense in the hens fed with chicken eggshells.

• The available calcium from hens' eggshells was around 10% lower than from oyster shell (25.53% vs 35.2%)

• Significance for your own hens: use your hens' eggshells if, for whatever reason, you cannot feed another supplement. If you want an intense yolk colour, feed your chickens marigold flowers!

To use your hens' eggs as a calcium source...

Research⁽⁵⁾ has shown that the safest way to do this is by using this process:

• wash dirt off the shells with fresh water
• put into a pan of boiling water (37ºC / 100ºF) for 3 to 4 minutes
• drain the water, and allow the shells to air dry
• grind, using a pestle and mortar so some larger pieces remain
• store until needed in a food grade plastic bag or container in a cool, dark place.

3. Using limestone as a calcium supplement.

• The egg production of hens fed a limestone supplement was lower than for any other group.

• One study found the mortality rate of hens fed limestone was higher than in other groups – but they were using older laying hens (aged 18 months)⁽⁴⁾. Other studies did not find any difference in mortality.

• Limestone was not eaten as readily by the hens – they seemed to prefer any form of egg shell.

• Eggshell strength was better than from hens fed chicken eggshells, but not as strong as those fed an oyster shell supplement.

• Significance for your own hens: limestone is a natural source of calcium carbonate, so use it if you have any objections to using shells from a living creature.

4. Oyster shell for chickens.

Research has consistently shown that, of all the available sources of calcium, oyster shell is the best source for chickens^{(1, 4, 5, 6)}.

• Hens ate oyster shells more regularly, and sustained their own body weight better than those fed either other shells or limestone⁽¹⁾.

• That's in part because oyster shell proved to be more easily soluble – and therefore more easily digested – than other sources⁽⁷⁾.

• Eggshell thickness and strength was highest in those fed with a calcium supplement containing 8% oyster shell^{(5, 6, 7)}.
• Feeding large particles of oyster shell was most effective in improving the bone density of hens⁽⁷⁾.

• Significance for your own hens: oyster shell, preferably in large particles, fed with a calcium content of about 8%, is the most effective means of making sure your hens have sufficient calcium.

When and how should the oyster feed supplement be given?

Chicken feed with oyster shell.

• Commercially produced adult chicken feed contains calcium at the rate of (on average) between 2.5% and 4.5%.

• That's perfectly adequate for males, females who are not laying, and as a baseline for laying hens.

• Adding more into their general feed can overdose chickens who are not in need of additional calcium. And that will inevitably create problems for their kidneys.

• Never add oyster shell, or any other form of calcium supplement, to the flock's general feed.

Oyster shell for chickens' treats.

• Be very careful about giving additional commercially produced treats to chickens. Many, like these "Golden Graze" snack bites, contain quite large amounts of calcium – in this example, a minimum of 7%.

• Chickens may (and do!) love it, but they can't separate out the calcium pieces among all the other bits of treats.

• And if they already have a feed containing calcium, adding more in the form of treats may lead to an overdose, which will put a strain on their kidneys.

When should the oyster shell supplement be given?

This is critically important.

• Whichever form of additional calcium you offer your flock, it should be given separately to their everyday feed.

• Chickens know instinctively when and how much calcium they require to maintain their own health and lay eggs with strong shells.

• So always provide oyster shell freely, in a separate feeder. Your chickens will take what they need, when they need it.

The oyster shell feeder.

I use a small bowl which fixes either onto a wooden block attached to the wall in my stone coop, or onto the mesh of my Eglu coop's run. That way, the oyster shell doesn't get knocked over!

As a bonus, these bowls can double up as feed or treat bowls when attached to my puppy pen brooder. (Note: baby chicks should not be given any form of calcium supplement).

Is crushed or powdered oyster shell best for laying hens?

• Results of research studies showed that large (sometimes called 'coarse') flakes of oyster shell have the best results^{(4, 7)}.

• Egg weight was higher, shells stronger and, critically, hens' bone strength was greater.

• But it's a fine distinction. Either will work well, so if you can't access the coarser particles, a finer crushed version will be perfectly adequate.

• Oyster shell should be available at your local feed store or tractor supply. If not, there are good quality versions available online.

Frequently asked questions about using oyster shell for chickens.

More articles about what chickens should eat.

Sources.

A lot of "facts" you'll find on the internet are often people's individual views, based on inaccurate information repeated from poor quality sources.

The information I provide in this article and others is based not just on my own experience, but on evidenced facts from scientific, peer-reviewed research and books from highly respected and experienced poultry keepers such as Gail Damerow.

Some of the trusted sources I have used in this article are these.

1. Ulagesan, S., et al: A Review of Bioactive Compounds in Oyster Shell and Tissues. Pub. Fronteers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 2022.

2. Eggs 101. Published and updated: American Egg Board, 2023.

3. Alm, M., et al: Mussel shells as an environment enrichment and calcium source for floor-housed laying hens. Pub. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2017.

4. Lee, W. D., et al: Superiority of coarse eggshell as a calcium source over limestone, cockle shell, oyster shell, and fine eggshell in old laying hens. Pub. National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2021.

5. Islam, M. A., and Ishibori, M.: Use of extruded eggshell as a calcium source substituting limestone or oyster shell in the diet of laying hens. Pub. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2021.

6. Heuser, G. F., and Norris, L. C.: Oyster Shells, Calcite Grit, Ground Limestone, and Granite Grit in Rations for Hens. Pub. Cornell University, Department of Poultry Husbandry, 1945.

7. Saunders-Blades, J.L., et al: The effect of calcium source and particle size on the production performance and bone quality of laying hens. Pub. Journal of Poultry Science, 2009.